Humans and orangutans have reproductive isolation, how did the scientific community discover it?
Release time：2023-02-07 07:04:18 source：korpimaankyynel.com author：Mineral products
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Humans and orangutans have reproductive isolation, how did the scientific community discover it?
Only humans?
The orangutan in the zoo, when people look at it, can't help but imitate it, or do some antics. The orangutan may be very happy to see it, because in its view, the man is the "monkey". Darwin's theory of evolution has influenced modern biological evolution research, but at the same time, more and more scientific studies have proved that the ancestors of human beings do belong to the category of orangutans, to be precise, the apes among primates, and later evolved to the hominids. , become a unique species. It's not unreasonable that humans are so similar to orangutans, especially the chimpanzee family. According to a 2005 study by the United States, the human genome is very similar to that of chimpanzees at the DNA level. The scientists found that the genes of the two codes for very, very similar proteins. In a direct comparison between the two genomes, the DNA sequences were 98.2% similar. In addition, scientists found that only 1.6% of the small part of DNA in our body is shared only with bonobos, not with chimpanzees. The differences suggest that the ape ancestors that gave rise to humans, chimpanzees and bonobos were large and genetically diverse. Human ancestors separated from those of bonobos and chimpanzees more than 4 million years ago, but the latter two retained this diversity until their populations completely split into two groups about 1 million years ago. But the question is, why are humans and chimpanzees so genetically similar yet behave so differently in behavioral patterns and evolution? The difference between the two centers on the 1,100 different genes contained in the X chromosome, each of which affects specific traits of the body. Humans have too many similarities with orangutans such as EM8, which affects blood clotting, is related to leukemia, CPX is related to facial development, cleft palate, OPN1LW is related to red vision, and so on. The difference of 1.2% brings about 35 million differences. Although a large part has little impact on the individual, the difference brings about a qualitative change. So when and where did humans split off from apes as a separate branch of bipeds? The evolutionary relationship of hominids. It was studied more than three centuries ago by the Dutch anatomist Nicholas Tulp and the 18th-century naturalist Carl Linnaeus, most famously by Darwin, who was their successor. The discoveries of modern anatomy show that gorillas and chimpanzees are the closest human beings, and no other species is so close to humans.Revelation of reproductive isolation
In the mid-1960s, David Pilbim of Harvard University suggested that Ramapithecus may be the earliest member of the human lineage . Of course, some people think that in the 30 million years of human evolutionary history, the evolutionary process is so long that it is not so simple to determine the ancestors. In addition to Ramapithecus, other African apes are also potential targets. Humans are actually orangutans. From the above situation, the great similarity between humans and primates does not seem to bring changes to other primates. In other words, why humans, who are also primates, did not hybridize with other primates during evolution and develop other different groups. It is not a secret that primates and humans have reproductive isolation today. Modern science tells that reproductive isolation is mainly determined by chromosomes, and the pairing of chromosomes and the combination of genes are the keys to forming species. Chromosomal expression polyploidy, the doubling of chromosomal complements, may give rise to a new species within one generation, appreciatively separating from its ancestral species. For example, tetraploid plants crossed with diploid ancestors will produce sterile hybrid offspring, which is more common in angiosperms. In the chromosomal rearrangement concept, Robertsonian fusion, fission, translocation and inversion may play a role in species. A number of related models suggest that chromosomal rearrangements accelerate genetic diversification among populations, thereby promoting speciation. A complete set of genetic information consists of 46 chromosomes. Scientists have considered two types of models as models of "mixed dysfunction" and "inhibited recombination" of speciation. Hybrid dysfunction models suggest that recombination between rearranged chromosomes produces gametes in which some chromosomal segments are deleted. Others will be replicated, thereby further creating partial reproductive barriers. This is because heterokaryotypic hybrids exhibit low levels of reproductive fitness, which is known as "deficiency in dominance." The process of chromosomal rearrangements Chromosomal rearrangements may first be established in a small local population by random drift, regardless of whether the region of the ancestral species distribution is peripheral or internal. If its individuals show high fitness in this region and promote the evolution of prezygotic segregation mechanisms, this will inhibit hybrid formation. The model further states that if the fitness of the hybrid decreases, the chromosomal mutation will be selected and then eliminated from the population. Overview of Possible Prezygous Segregation Mechanisms Although there is a small probability that random drift occurs, it is unlikely to establish a chromosomal rearrangement in its ancestral population that reduces heterozygous fitness. Especially in the state where the hybrid disadvantage is only very slight, the natural selection for reproductive isolation will also become weak. Human Chimpanzee Chromosome Mapping Scientists have confirmed in genetic studies of human speciation that a large number of chromosomal rearrangements occur between humans and chimpanzees. In particular, nine chromosomes show a center-in-place phenomenon among human nuclear chimpanzees. The nine chromosomes include 1, 4, 5, 9, 12, 15, 16, and 17, of which human chromosome 2 represents the fusion of two acrocentric chromosomes present in chimpanzees. Other chromosomes have numbers 12 and 13, and if these chromosomal rearrangements occurred early in the divergence of the chimpanzee and human ancestral populations, their biased alleles in the divergent populations would be trapped on the chromosomal barrier. Human and Chimpanzee Chromosome 7 Infographics Thus this leads to genetic differentiation of the two groups as they adapt to their different general environments, and the accumulation of incompatibilities can gradually lead to reproductive isolation and speciation. Sequencinghuman and chimpanzee
DNA, scientists can now use more advanced techniques for genetic verification, allowing for genome-wide identification and reproduction Isolated loci and compared across lineages. Related research suggests that sex chromosomes may be an important driver of reproductive isolation in most animal taxa, including humans. Modern science shows that there is hybridization in ancient humans. The Y chromosome sequence of Neanderthals has not been found in the modern human genome, and many of these genes come from areas where ancient human ancestors decreased, namely desert regions. Numerous findings suggest that X and Y chromosomal regions may have been involved in reproductive isolation during hybridization, so that selection of inappropriate hybrids could limit introgression of sex chromosomes, thereby rapidly eradicating ancient ancestors. The scientists tackled this problem by identifying regions of the genome that are consistent with reproductive isolation characteristics between two modern primate populations in natural hybridization areas. Hybrid scientists in human evolution have identified extensive and contiguous X-chromosome sequences, regions of which show a high degree of conservation with the human and howler monkey X chromosomes, consistent with the conservation of mammalian X chromosomes. Compared to autosomes, X chromosomes have reduced gene penetration, a genomic feature that results from postzygotic reproductive isolation. The scientists' experimental results suggest that selection may shape X-chromosome and autosomal introgression differently. The final results of the mapping of the human X chromosome from the primate hybridization region showed that the level of introgression significantly reduced the overlap of the X chromosome region with the ancient reduced region in the human genome, suggesting that primate reproductive isolation shares a genomic structure. In other words, the reproductive isolation of humans and chimpanzees has been embodied in the genes itself, which is like the wrong key can not open the right door. The human species has undergone quite rapid changes in the process of evolution. We have no chance or time to fuse with primate genes in the process of genetic development and change, which determines that human beings are destined on the road of evolution from the beginning. To go our own way, we have no way to solve the problem of reproductive isolation. Studying the origin of humans and finding human ancestors can provide more and deeper insights into evolutionary history for humans, such as the diversity of ape species, and the study of population explosion from the genetic perspective. This is the opportunity that nature has given to human beings, and finally allows us to stand on this planet and overlook everything.- Last：50 common knowledge of world geography, how much do you know
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